MTL - Into Unscientific-Chapter 465 Particle's true identity! (superior)

  Chapter 465 The true identity of the particle! (superior)

  “.”

  First row area.

  Hearing the sudden sound of 'Ah Lie Lie'.

   All the bigwigs who were thinking about the problem raised their heads together, and turned to look at the person who spoke.

  I saw this moment.

   In the open space a few meters away from them.

  Xu Yun was holding a report in his hand, tilting his head slightly, with an innocent expression on his face.

  However, academician Pan, who knew his student's personality well, realized something instantly. He gently adjusted his glasses and looked at Xu Yun:

   "Xiao Xu, did you find anything?"

  The last time Xu Yun spoke, Academician Pan was still a little worried that his identity was not suitable.

  But after Xu Yun assisted Zhou Shaoping. No, to be precise, it was Xu Yun who, relying on his own ability, was keenly aware of the problem with the vector rotation with a limited angle and was verified successfully.

  He already deserves to be in the front row—at least in this meeting.

  So Academician Pan did not take any protective action this time, but directly questioned Xu Yun.

   Then Xu Yun winked at Academician Pan, came to Academician Pan, and handed him the document in his hand:

   "Teacher, take a look at this data."

  Academician Pan took the document and glanced at it, his gaze slightly fixed:

   "This is. topological susceptibility? Is it actually 0?"

  Xu Yun nodded heavily:

   "Exactly."

  Academician Pan paused for a while when he saw this, and handed the document to several other big shots, and everyone took turns to read it.

   In Theoretical Physics.

   Witten once named a relationship with Veneziano, called the Witten-Veneziano relationship.

   Its content is not important, the key is that the left side of the formula is the topological susceptibility of vacuum, which describes the fluctuation of topological charge.

   As for topological charges

   This thing is the same as Fermi noodles, and it can also be divided into two concepts.

  One kind of topological charge is the topological charge related to the radiation of photonic crystal slab, and the other is the concept of topological charge in OAM.

  The situation mentioned here is naturally the latter, and the topological charge in the orbital angular momentum OAM can only be non-zero in pure gauge theory.

all in all.

  Currently, the topological susceptibility of the report in Xu Yun's hand is 0, which means that its attribute framework is an impure gauge theory.

   So here comes the problem.

  How can the property framework of a particle be impure gauge theory?

   That's right.

   Presumably the smart classmate has thought of it again.

That is.

   It has at least one gauge group non-Abelian gauge field.

  And all Lagrange operators of non-Abelian gauge theories must contain a Yang-Mills term:

  LA=14Fμνa(x)Faμν(x).

  Think here.

   Higgs on the side thought of something again.

   With the help of his assistant, he returned to the large terminal that Witten had input data earlier, and cracklingly retrieved some content.

  Academician Pan looked thoughtfully at the well-behaved Xu Yun beside him.

  This guy's performance today is a bit brilliant.

   After a while.

   This particle physics expert turned his head suddenly, the movement was so big that the fleshy eggs on both sides of his cheeks were trembling:

   "Hey Pan, the decay factor doesn't match the gauge potential, it's too big!"

  Academician Pan exchanged glances with the others when he heard the words, and a slightly excited expression gradually appeared on his face.

   Sure enough, there is a problem!

  If we say that the previous eigenvalues, scalar field expressions, and the topological susceptibility discovered by Xu Yun are just some subtle anomalies.

   Then the difference between the decay factor and the gauge potential connected in series by the Yang-Mills term LA≡14Fμνa(x)Faμν(x) is a big problem that cannot be ignored.

  Take the human body as an example.

  In life, everyone generally encounters various small symptoms.

  Such as occasional coughing, tinnitus, fast twitching of a certain tendon in the hands and feet, etc.

  These problems can be big or small, and you can ignore them if you don’t want to go to the hospital.

  But if you have symptoms such as black blood in the stool and coughing up blood, then the situation cannot be ignored, and you must go to the hospital for examination.

  The decay factor derived based on the topological susceptibility discovered by Xu Yun belongs to the latter category.

  That is to say, there is indeed an abnormality that is obviously unreasonable in this particle.

   More critically.

  The etiology different from 'fever' may be one of many conditions such as cold, fire, pneumonia or even enteritis.

  Although the symptoms of 'bloody stool' are much more serious, it is relatively easy to find the bleeding point and determine the problem.

   Such as the difference between the decay factor and the gauge potential.

  The only possible cause of this situation is that there is a problem with the CP breaking link, which can be described in mathematical language as

   A non-zero vacuum expectation occurs in a field.

Of course.

  The order here is that the physical observation data deduces the mathematical language, that is, there is no need to prove this conjecture through physical experiments.

   "Non-zero vacuum expectation."

  Everyone sat back in their seats.

  Polyakov looked at Elder Yang beside him, and asked:

   "Yang, tell me your opinion."

   "You are the name man of the Yang-Mills field. When it comes to the field of CP deficiency, none of us can compare with you."

  The rest of the people also nodded after hearing the words.

  CP deficiency.

   This is also a very important concept in particle physics, and it can even be ranked among the top few in terms of importance.

  It does not mean dismantling CP, but a combination phenomenon.

   Among them, P refers to parity, and C refers to charge.

   Long, long ago.

  A female mathematician Noether proposed a Noether Theorem, which simply means that a symmetry corresponds to a conservation.

  She described the conservation situation in the world as three types:

  Time translation symmetry corresponds to energy conservation.

  Spatial translation symmetry corresponds to momentum conservation.

  Spatial rotational symmetry corresponds to the conservation of angular momentum.

  These three symmetry and conservation relationships are recognized today, and they are also the root of all evils.

   After Knott.

  Another physicist Wigner discovered that there is another kind of symmetry, that is, mirror symmetry.

   Like your left and right hands, or you and yourself in the mirror.

  He thinks that this kind of symmetry should also have a kind of conservation. Wigner called this kind of conservation parity conservation, that is, parity.

  Later, the physics community proved the accuracy of parity conservation in physical experiments under electromagnetic interaction and strong interaction, so it is believed that parity P is indeed conserved.

   But around 1950.

  Mr. Yang and Mr. Li found a problem:

  The parity conservation of the weak interaction has no experimental support, so they put forward the view that the parity is not conserved.

Later, Ms. Wu Jianxiong, a Chinese physicist, discovered parity violation in the decay reaction of cobalt. Mr. Yang and Mr. Li quickly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for this reason, becoming the Nobel Prize winners with the shortest time from publication to award. .

   If the above sentence is difficult to understand, here is another simple example.

   You must have looked in the mirror.

  When you touch your face, you in the mirror also touch your face;

  You make faces, and you in the mirror make faces too.

   This is parity conservation, but this is a phenomenon that only appears in the macroscopic.

  In microcosm, you will find a problem:

  Sometimes when you touch your face, you in the mirror are shaking your hands.

   This is called parity non-conservation.

  Mr. Yang’s non-conservation of parity is to predict that in the microcosm you may move inconsistently inside and outside the mirror. This abnormal phenomenon was finally confirmed by scientific experiments.

  So strictly speaking.

  The first person in history to discover this parity non-conservation should be Jia Rui from The Dream of Red Mansions. Unfortunately, when Cao Xueqin passed away, the Nobel Prize had not yet been born, cough cough

  The same is true for charge non-conservation, but its official name is charge parity non-conservation:

  At the beginning, the physics community believed that charge parity was conserved. As a result, in 1964, Cronin and Fitch discovered that kaons did not follow the existing mirror symmetry and charge symmetry in the radioactive decay of kaons.

  So this C+P is double symmetry breaking, also called CP breaking or CP breaking, depending on the name of the individual.

   By the way.

  The person who solved the problem of symmetry breaking was Makoto Kobayashi who conducted experiments at Neon before. He and his senior brother Minying Yichuan solved this problem. This is the famous Kobayashi-Yakawa theory.

  The line of sight returns to reality.

  After listening to Polyakov's questioning, Mr. Yang picked up the report and looked at it again, and said:

  “. Everyone should know that although CP violation is a common phrase, there are not many particles that simultaneously meet double symmetry breaking.”

   "Many times what is broken is the parity conservation, not the charge parity, even to some extent"

   "The number of particles capable of breaking charge parity can be counted."

  Witeng understood what Mr. Yang meant:

   "Yang, so what kind of particles do you think might cause charge parity violation?"

  Old Yang glanced at him, thinking:

   "The π meson is definitely impossible, because the π meson was 'gifted' to the Pangu particle by the Λ4685 hyperon. Well, the solitary point particle should be used in this sentence."

   "In addition, the kaon is also impossible, because it has a singular eigenstate, and we have not observed this eigenstate bulging."

   "As for the neutrino, it is obviously even less likely—it was still a dark matter candidate before today."

   Hear this statement.

  David Gross on the side interjected:

   "So Yang, do you think it might be an anomaly caused by the W or Z boson?"

  Old Yang hummed lightly, then turned to look at Fermilab representative Bruce Arnold who hadn’t come over:

   "It is possible. Do you still remember the 22-year Fermilab study on W boson overweight?"

   Wei Teng was taken aback for a moment, and then blurted out:

   "You mean DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1781?"

  Old Yang nodded.

  The research mentioned by Mr. Yang was published in April 2022. At that time, "Science" gave it a huge front page seal unprecedentedly.

  The content of the article is very simple:

Experts from Fermilab have continuously analyzed the W boson data produced by the Tevatron collider in the 10 years from 2002 to 2011, and found that the mass of the W boson is 80433±9.4MeV, which is higher than the standard model. The predicted value is 76 MeV heavier—the equivalent of losing the mass of 152 electrons.

   And the deviation of this measurement result from the theoretical value reaches .

  7 σ.

   Mentioned earlier.

  In particle physics, 5 σ can be regarded as a new physical discovery in the true sense.

   More critically.

  In the standard model, the mass of the W boson is given by the Higgs mechanism:

  The Higgs mechanism breaks the electroweak symmetry of SU(2)×U(1) spontaneously, and produces Goldstone bosons.

  Then the W boson absorbs Goldstone as its own longitudinal mode, thus gaining mass.

  The mass of the W boson is greater than the prediction of the standard model, or there is a problem with the Higgs mechanism.

   Either

  In a certain area, there is a brand-new fundamental particle.

  At present, the global physics community is waiting for the verification of LHC, after all, this is the most authoritative equipment in the world.

  The LHC is like an author who started out of chapters, yelling every day that it is about to start, but it still doesn't turn on.

all in all.

  Many people always beep that there are no big discoveries in the physics world, but in fact fundamental physics has quietly faced a huge crisis, and the physics building is likely to collapse again. (You can keep an eye out here. It is said that the LHC will start verification in July this year. If it is true, the fun will be great)

   Then Wei Teng glanced at Old Yang again, with a thoughtful expression.

  Yang Lao’s meaning is actually very obvious:

  The abnormality of the particle may be affected by the W boson.

   That is, the Higgs field appears in the vacuum of quantum mechanics in an unsteady state, and the continuity of the entire physical system is spontaneously broken, causing the entire anomaly from the Weinberg angle.

  How do you say this?

   It seemed reasonable, but Wei Teng felt a little nervous in his heart.

   After all, the research has reached this point. Looking at all the participants at the scene, except for a few exceptions such as Atsuto Suzuki, everyone must be thinking about discovering more interesting things.

  So Yang’s statement seems to have answered the question, but the expected value is a bit far from what Wei Teng thought—because the particle’s influence on the W boson has been observed before the meeting.

   To put it bluntly, it is

  This explanation seems somewhat unworthy of its final 'identity' in this press conference, and I'm sorry for the risk Witten took for it.

  After all, CP deficiency is not his professional direction, and there are not many intersections between Weiteng and it.

  Think here.

  Witten couldn't help but sighed in his heart.

   No matter.

  If there is a gap, there is a gap.

  At least this particle does exist, and it can be regarded as an advertisement for his ability in mathematics, but it can't be regarded as fruitless.

   It can only be said that the intersection between this particle and him is not that deep, and he must have little chance to participate in the follow-up research.

   And just when Wei Teng was in a trance.

   Out of the corner of his eye, he suddenly caught a glimpse of Xu Yun approaching Elder Yang, and whispered something.

   Then under the gaze of Wei Teng.

  Old Yang’s tired eyes lit up inexplicably, and the expression on his face became more vivid, as if

  He heard something that surprised him.

  Later, Mr. Yang picked up the previous report again, pressing the tip of his thumbnail against a certain line, and slowly swipe from left to right.

   Half a minute passed.

  Old Yang couldn't help but let out a light sigh, and attracted everyone's attention.

  See this scenario.

  Academician Pan glanced at Xu Yun, and couldn't help asking Mr. Yang:

   "Old Yang, this is."

  Unexpectedly, Elder Yang ignored him, but waved his hand, and continued to check the report.

   Seeing this, Xu Yun didn't want to disturb Mr. Yang, so he could only shrug his shoulders to his teacher, expressing that he couldn't help.

that's all.

   After three or four minutes, Old Yang slowly raised his head and looked directly at Wei Teng:

   "Mr. Witten, we seem to have made a mistake."

  Witten was taken aback:

"mistake?"

   "Yes, if the entire value is an anomaly induced from the Weinberg angle, then the coupling constant of the anomalous magnetic moment should also have an obvious fluctuation within that framework, right?"

  Witten thought for a while, and affirmed:

   "Yes, based on this deviation value, the energy scale change of the coupling constant should be more than 10, but not more than 15."

   "Then you can calculate its magnitude now."

   Xu Yun on the side heard the words, and immediately handed the pen and paper to Wei Teng obediently.

  Witeng subconsciously took the paper and pen, glanced at Mr. Yang, then at Xu Yun, bowed his head and counted.

   Weinberg Point.

   This is also a very important parameter in the unified theory of weak electricity. It is not difficult to see who the contributor is from the name.

   It can be defined by the arccosine function of the mass ratio of the W boson and the Z boson, which is about 29 degrees—of course, it is an abstract angle.

  The value of this included angle cannot be derived from the first-principles theory, but can only be measured experimentally.

   So in a way.

  The unification of weak electricity is only at a certain energy level, and the boundary between the two basic forces is blurred.

  The internal mechanism of the physical law that causes this energy scale to run is not yet understood by the scientific community—at least from the level of accepted theory.

  So Witten can only invert the Weinberg angle from the wrong data first, and determine the covariate derivative through the weak supercharge, which is represented by the bottom component after the two components.

Of course.

  Written calculations of this magnitude naturally cannot trouble Wei Teng.

   So fast.

  Witten calculated the value of the coupling constant of the abnormal magnetic moment.

   But when writing down the final result, Wei Teng's pen tip suddenly stopped, and his face showed surprise.

  He raised his head for the second time to look at Old Yang, and then at Xu Yun.

   Then he lowered his head again, scribbled a few times with the tip of the pen on the paper, and performed the calculation again.

  Old Yang didn't say much when he saw this, but just watched Wei Teng calculate like this.

   This time.

  Witten’s calculations lasted for a long time

  Fourteen minutes.

   Fourteen minutes later.

  Witeng raised his head for the third time, but this time he looked around at the surrounding people before saying to Elder Yang:

   "1.53, the energy scale change of the coupling constant is only 1.53."

   Gollum—

  Wei Teng swallowed heavily. At this moment, he felt his lips dry:

   "Yang, so... your previous guess was wrong?"

   "Yes, something went wrong."

   "So what's the real reason?"

  Old Yang was silent for a moment, then slowly said:

   "Edward, before the experiment started, you once gave the example of Pluto, using the influence of Pluto on Uranus to explain the existence of unknown particles."

   "Since that's the case, you must also know that Pluto is a very special planet."

   "That is, it has a satellite that is not very different from its size, called Charon, also known as Charon, and the two face each other like twins."

  Wei Teng nodded subconsciously, but he still didn't understand the purpose of Mr. Yang's mention of Pluto.

   But a few seconds later.

  He suddenly realized something, his eyes were as big as 30 Li Ronghao, and he looked at Elder Yang in amazement:

   "Yang, what do you mean"

  Old Xu nodded slightly at him, leaned back on the seat, and said with emotion:

   "Yes. From the very beginning, we took the number 923.8GeV as the energy level of a particle, but is there actually a possibility?"

   "These are actually two particles that are very close to each other, and they have always been."

   "Holding hands?"

Note:

  I will be hospitalized tomorrow, and I may ask for a day off.

  (end of this chapter)